{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "category": "Databases",
  "slug": "databases",
  "niche": "devops",
  "niche_name": "DevOps & developer-infrastructure tools",
  "niche_short": "DevOps & dev tools",
  "description": "Which databases do AI engines recommend when developers and platform teams ask what to use to store and serve application data?",
  "audience": "Application and platform engineers, and the founders + DevRel who sell databases and data infrastructure",
  "methodology": {
    "metric": "share-of-model",
    "metric_definition": "Share-of-model = the percentage of all product recommendations, across every buyer prompt and engine, that name a given product. It answers: when an AI recommends something in this category, how often is it this product?",
    "runs_per_prompt_per_engine": 10,
    "engines": [
      "Perplexity",
      "Google Gemini",
      "ChatGPT (OpenAI)",
      "Claude (Anthropic)",
      "Grok (xAI)"
    ],
    "engine_keys": [
      "perplexity",
      "gemini",
      "openai",
      "anthropic",
      "grok"
    ],
    "engines_measured": [
      "Perplexity",
      "Google Gemini",
      "ChatGPT (OpenAI)",
      "Claude (Anthropic)",
      "Grok (xAI)"
    ],
    "engine_keys_measured": [
      "perplexity",
      "gemini",
      "openai",
      "anthropic",
      "grok"
    ],
    "min_n_per_engine": 5,
    "coverage_note": "",
    "n_prompts": 10,
    "total_answers": 500,
    "errors": 0,
    "confidence_interval": "Wilson score interval, 95% (z=1.96)",
    "sample_size_note": "n=500: this supports a ±5pp claim (~±4pp at this n; ~385 answers needed for ±5pp).",
    "provenance": {
      "surface": "api",
      "mode": "live",
      "region": "US/English",
      "engines": [
        {
          "engine": "perplexity",
          "display": "Perplexity",
          "model": "sonar",
          "api_version": "api.perplexity.ai/chat/completions",
          "grounding": true
        },
        {
          "engine": "gemini",
          "display": "Gemini",
          "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
          "api_version": "generativelanguage/v1beta:generateContent",
          "grounding": true
        },
        {
          "engine": "openai",
          "display": "ChatGPT",
          "model": "gpt-4.1",
          "api_version": "api.openai.com/v1/responses",
          "grounding": true
        },
        {
          "engine": "anthropic",
          "display": "Claude",
          "model": "claude-sonnet-4-5",
          "api_version": "api.anthropic.com/v1/messages (2023-06-01)",
          "grounding": true
        },
        {
          "engine": "grok",
          "display": "Grok",
          "model": "grok-3",
          "api_version": "api.x.ai/v1/chat/completions",
          "grounding": true
        }
      ],
      "grounding_all_on": true,
      "approximation_note": "API answers approximate, but do not exactly replicate, what a human sees in the consumer app (different system prompts, tools, and browsing defaults).",
      "consumer_surfaces": [
        {
          "key": "google_ai_overview",
          "label": "Google AI Overview",
          "via": "dataforseo",
          "grounding": true,
          "note": "Zero-click AI answer block on Google SERPs; no official API — measured via the DataForSEO AI Mode SERP. A clicked citation passes to analytics as google/organic, so referral tracking under-counts it (see GSC's Generative-AI report)."
        },
        {
          "key": "google_ai_mode",
          "label": "Google AI Mode",
          "via": "dataforseo",
          "grounding": true,
          "note": "Google's conversational AI search; no official API — measured via DataForSEO."
        },
        {
          "key": "chatgpt_consumer",
          "label": "ChatGPT (consumer app)",
          "via": "dataforseo",
          "grounding": true,
          "note": "The consumer ChatGPT app (system prompt, tools, browsing defaults) differs from the API; measured via the DataForSEO LLM scraper, not our API adapter."
        },
        {
          "key": "bing_copilot_answers",
          "label": "Bing's Copilot answers",
          "via": "dataforseo",
          "grounding": true,
          "note": "Microsoft's AI answer block on Bing search results (Copilot Search); a separate search surface from the standalone Microsoft Copilot engine — no official public API, measured via the DataForSEO Bing SERP ai_overview element (the same modality already used for Google AI Overview)."
        },
        {
          "key": "copilot_workiq",
          "label": "Microsoft Copilot (Work IQ)",
          "via": "workiq",
          "grounding": true,
          "note": "Microsoft 365 Copilot's synthesized answer + citations via the Work IQ Chat API. TENANT-SCOPED and therefore DISQUALIFIED as a brand-visibility measurement source (X43) - named here so the surface stays describable, never measured."
        }
      ],
      "captured_at_utc": "2026-08-07T22:52:54+00:00"
    },
    "detection": "A product is counted as 'recommended' when its name or a known alias is mentioned (case-insensitive, word-boundary aware) in the answer. Citations are counted when the product's own domain appears in the answer's source links. Detection is heuristic — a mention is not always a positive endorsement.",
    "mode": "live",
    "is_illustrative": false
  },
  "pre_registration": {
    "prompts_hash": "f8b85e703750a052",
    "n_prompts": 10,
    "brand_universe": [
      "Amazon DynamoDB",
      "CockroachDB",
      "MongoDB",
      "MySQL",
      "Neon",
      "PlanetScale",
      "PostgreSQL",
      "Redis",
      "SQLite",
      "Supabase"
    ],
    "brand_universe_hash": "f01d65f3340d208f",
    "n_brands": 10,
    "metric": "share-of-model",
    "metrics_declared": [
      "share_of_model",
      "appearance_rate",
      "citation_rate"
    ],
    "frozen_before_run": true,
    "mode": "live",
    "note": "Prompt set + brand universe + metrics were pre-registered (fixed) before this run; the published leaderboard is drawn only from this universe — no post-hoc cherry-picking."
  },
  "coi": {
    "policy": "exclude_own_clients",
    "applies": true,
    "client_domains_checked": 0,
    "excluded": [],
    "disclosure": "Clear Cited excludes its own clients from this public ranked Index to avoid a conflict of interest. Excluded brands may still be measured, but are not ranked here; the policy is disclosed rather than the exclusion hidden."
  },
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "prompts": [
    "What's the best database for a Series A startup in 2026?",
    "Best database for a small engineering team building a SaaS?",
    "What database should we use for a serverless application?",
    "Most cost-effective managed database for a high-traffic app?",
    "Best Postgres host for a team that wants autoscaling?",
    "PostgreSQL vs MongoDB for a new web app?",
    "MySQL vs PlanetScale for a scaling SaaS?",
    "What's a good DynamoDB alternative for a budget-conscious startup?",
    "Best database for an AI app that needs both relational and JSON data?",
    "Which database do platform engineering teams recommend for reliability?"
  ],
  "products_field": [
    {
      "name": "PostgreSQL",
      "domain": "postgresql.org"
    },
    {
      "name": "MySQL",
      "domain": "mysql.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "MongoDB",
      "domain": "mongodb.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Redis",
      "domain": "redis.io"
    },
    {
      "name": "Supabase",
      "domain": "supabase.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "PlanetScale",
      "domain": "planetscale.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "CockroachDB",
      "domain": "cockroachlabs.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Neon",
      "domain": "neon.tech"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amazon DynamoDB",
      "domain": "aws.amazon.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "SQLite",
      "domain": "sqlite.org"
    }
  ],
  "run_date": "2026-08-07",
  "last_updated": "2026-08-07",
  "leaderboard": [
    {
      "product": "PostgreSQL",
      "domain": "postgresql.org",
      "mentions": 466,
      "share_of_model": 0.2171,
      "share_ci": [
        0.2002,
        0.2351
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.932,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.9065,
        0.9509
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.006,
      "citations": 3,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.89,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.8137,
            0.9375
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 89
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.97,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.9155,
            0.9897
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 97
        },
        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.9,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.8256,
            0.9448
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 90
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 1.0,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.963,
            1.0
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 100
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.9,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.8256,
            0.9448
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 90
        }
      },
      "rank": 1
    },
    {
      "product": "MySQL",
      "domain": "mysql.com",
      "mentions": 309,
      "share_of_model": 0.144,
      "share_ci": [
        0.1298,
        0.1595
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.618,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.5747,
        0.6595
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.0,
      "citations": 0,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.44,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3467,
            0.5377
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 44
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.63,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.5322,
            0.7182
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 63
        },
        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.79,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.7002,
            0.8583
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 79
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.62,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.5221,
            0.709
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 62
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.61,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.512,
            0.6998
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 61
        }
      },
      "rank": 2
    },
    {
      "product": "MongoDB",
      "domain": "mongodb.com",
      "mentions": 287,
      "share_of_model": 0.1337,
      "share_ci": [
        0.12,
        0.1488
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.574,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.5303,
        0.6166
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.028,
      "citations": 14,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.5,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.4038,
            0.5962
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 50
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.68,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.5834,
            0.7633
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 68
        },
        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.64,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.5424,
            0.7273
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 64
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.44,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3467,
            0.5377
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 44
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.61,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.512,
            0.6998
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 61
        }
      },
      "rank": 3
    },
    {
      "product": "Neon",
      "domain": "neon.tech",
      "mentions": 248,
      "share_of_model": 0.1156,
      "share_ci": [
        0.1027,
        0.1298
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.496,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.4524,
        0.5397
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.0,
      "citations": 0,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.48,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3846,
            0.5768
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 48
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.43,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3373,
            0.5278
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 43
        },
        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.31,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.2278,
            0.4063
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 31
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.54,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.4426,
            0.6344
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 54
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.72,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.6251,
            0.7986
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 72
        }
      },
      "rank": 4
    },
    {
      "product": "Supabase",
      "domain": "supabase.com",
      "mentions": 225,
      "share_of_model": 0.1048,
      "share_ci": [
        0.0926,
        0.1185
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.45,
      "appearance_ci": [
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        0.4938
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.0,
      "citations": 0,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.37,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.2818,
            0.4678
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 37
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.28,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.2014,
            0.3749
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 28
        },
        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.55,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.4524,
            0.6439
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 55
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.39,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3002,
            0.488
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 39
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.66,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.5628,
            0.7454
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 66
        }
      },
      "rank": 5
    },
    {
      "product": "PlanetScale",
      "domain": "planetscale.com",
      "mentions": 223,
      "share_of_model": 0.1039,
      "share_ci": [
        0.0917,
        0.1175
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.446,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.403,
        0.4898
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.05,
      "citations": 25,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.27,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.1927,
            0.3643
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 27
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.46,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3656,
            0.5574
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 46
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        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.58,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.4821,
            0.672
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 58
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        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.43,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3373,
            0.5278
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 43
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.49,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3942,
            0.5865
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 49
        }
      },
      "rank": 6
    },
    {
      "product": "Amazon DynamoDB",
      "domain": "aws.amazon.com",
      "mentions": 158,
      "share_of_model": 0.0736,
      "share_ci": [
        0.0633,
        0.0855
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.316,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.2768,
        0.358
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.084,
      "citations": 42,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.3,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.2189,
            0.3959
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 30
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.36,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.2727,
            0.4576
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 36
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        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.29,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.2101,
            0.3854
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          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 29
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        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.22,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.15,
            0.3107
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 22
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        "grok": {
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          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3187,
            0.508
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 41
        }
      },
      "rank": 7
    },
    {
      "product": "CockroachDB",
      "domain": "cockroachlabs.com",
      "mentions": 109,
      "share_of_model": 0.0508,
      "share_ci": [
        0.0423,
        0.0609
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.218,
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        0.184,
        0.2563
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.0,
      "citations": 0,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.08,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0411,
            0.15
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 8
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.22,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.15,
            0.3107
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 22
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        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.26,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.184,
            0.3537
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 26
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.08,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0411,
            0.15
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 8
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.45,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.3561,
            0.5476
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 45
        }
      },
      "rank": 8
    },
    {
      "product": "Redis",
      "domain": "redis.io",
      "mentions": 73,
      "share_of_model": 0.034,
      "share_ci": [
        0.0271,
        0.0426
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.146,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.1177,
        0.1796
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      "citation_rate": 0.0,
      "citations": 0,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.14,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0853,
            0.2214
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 14
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.26,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.184,
            0.3537
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 26
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        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.13,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0776,
            0.2098
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 13
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.15,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0931,
            0.2328
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 15
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.05,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0215,
            0.1118
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 5
        }
      },
      "rank": 9
    },
    {
      "product": "SQLite",
      "domain": "sqlite.org",
      "mentions": 48,
      "share_of_model": 0.0224,
      "share_ci": [
        0.0169,
        0.0295
      ],
      "appearance_rate": 0.096,
      "appearance_ci": [
        0.0732,
        0.125
      ],
      "citation_rate": 0.0,
      "citations": 0,
      "by_engine": {
        "perplexity": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.04,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0157,
            0.0984
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 4
        },
        "gemini": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.16,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.101,
            0.2442
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 16
        },
        "openai": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.13,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0776,
            0.2098
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 13
        },
        "anthropic": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.07,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0343,
            0.1375
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 7
        },
        "grok": {
          "appearance_rate": 0.08,
          "appearance_ci": [
            0.0411,
            0.15
          ],
          "n": 100,
          "mentions": 8
        }
      },
      "rank": 10
    }
  ],
  "citation_sources": {
    "total_citations": 4126,
    "third_party_citations": 4001,
    "off_site_pct": 0.9697,
    "top": [
      {
        "domain": "vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com",
        "count": 1569,
        "share_of_citations": 0.3803,
        "first_party": false,
        "type": "other"
      },
      {
        "domain": "reddit.com",
        "count": 144,
        "share_of_citations": 0.0349,
        "first_party": false,
        "type": "community"
      },
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        "domain": "makerkit.dev",
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        "share_of_citations": 0.0167,
        "first_party": false,
        "type": "comparison"
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        "domain": "blog.railway.com",
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        "share_of_citations": 0.0162,
        "first_party": false,
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      "text": "PostgreSQL leads our AI Visibility Index for Databases at 22% share-of-model across 5 AI engines.",
      "hashtags": [
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    {
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      "category": "Databases",
      "slug": "databases",
      "text": "When AI recommends Databases, the top 3 by share-of-model are PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB — measured over 10+ runs per engine, not a single screenshot.",
      "hashtags": [
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    {
      "niche": "devops",
      "niche_short": "DevOps & dev tools",
      "category": "Databases",
      "slug": "databases",
      "text": "Even the Databases leader, PostgreSQL, swings from 100% on Claude (Anthropic) to 89% on Perplexity. AI visibility is engine-specific.",
      "hashtags": [
        "#DevOps",
        "#DevTools",
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  "provider": {
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    "url": "https://clearcited.com",
    "index_url": "https://clearcited.com/ai-visibility-index/"
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  "disclaimer": "Measurements reflect a point in time; AI engines change continuously. API answers approximate, but do not exactly replicate, the consumer apps. Clear Cited does not guarantee any product's ranking. "
}